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Summary of Timeline: Lincoln and Johnson were both assassinated and President Pro Tempore of the Senate Lafayette S. Foster has become president, but a election is being held in Nov 1865
Presidents:
17th Lafayette S. Foster(Republican, 1865-1866)
18th Ulysses S. Grant(Republican, 1866-1873)
19th James G. Blaine(Republican, 1873-1877)
20th Rutherford B. Hayes(Republican, 1877-1881)
21st Ulysses S. Grant(Republican, 1881-1885)
22nd James Garfield(Republican, 1885-1889)
23rd Robert Todd Lincoln(Republican, 1889-1997)
24th William McKinley(Republican, 1897-1902)
25th Theodore Roosevelt(Republican, 1902-1913)
26th William Howard Taft(Republican, 1913-1917)
27th Thomas R. Marshall(Democrat, 1917-1921)
28th Leonard Wood(Republican, 1921-1925)
29th Robert M. La Follette(Republican, 1925-1927)
30th Charles Evans Hughes(Republican, 1927-1933)
31st Franklin D. Roosevelt(Democrat, 1933-1945)
32nd Harry S. Truman(Democrat, 1945-1945)
33rd Huey P. Long(Longist, 1945-1949)
34th Dwight D. Eisenhower(Republican, 1949-1953)
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Vice Presidents:
N/A(1865-1866)
17th Schuyler Colfax(1866-1869)
18th Henry Wilson(1869-1873)
19th Schuyler Colfax(1873-1877)
20th Wiliam Wheeler(1877-1881)
21st Henry W. Blair(1881-1885)
22nd Chester Arthur(1885-1893)
23rd Blanche K. Bruce(1893-1897)
24th Garret Hobart(1897-1899)
25th Theodore Roosevelt(1901-1902)
N/A(1902-1905)
26th Charles Fairbanks(1905-1909)
27th William Howard Taft(1909-1913)
28th Charles Fairbanks(1913-1917)
29th George E. Chamberlain(1917-1921)
30th Charles Evans Hughes(1921-1927)
N/A(1927-1929)
31st Herbert Hoover(1929-1933)
32nd John Garner(1933-1941)
33rd Henry Wallace(1941-1945)
N/A(1945-1945)
33rd Harry S. Truman(1945-1949)
34th Harold Stassen(1949-1953)
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Administration:
Vice President: Harold Stassen(1949-1953)
Secretary of State: Wendell Willkie(1949-1953)
Secretary of the Treasury: George M. Humphrey(1949-1953)
Secretary of Defense: George C. Marshall(1949-1953)
Attorney General: Robert F. Wagner(1949-1953)
Postmaster General: Jesse Donaldson(1949-1953)
Secretary of the Navy: Harry S. Truman(1949-1953)
Secretary of the Interior: Arthur Vandenburg(1949-1953)
Secretary of Agriculture: Henry Wallace(1949-1953)
Secretary of Commerce: Charles W. Sawyer(1949-1953)
Secretary of Labor: Eleanor Roosevelt(1949-1953)
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower
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General Eisenhower had done it! He had become the President of the United States, beating the Kingfish. It was not without its controversy however, as the Democrats and Republicans made a public deal to drop Vice President Truman out of the race to prevent a deadlock which saw anger from Long supporters but none more angrier than President Long himself. President Eisenhower quickly made it a point in his victory speech to emphasize unity after the divisive and controversial election. His speech would end up helping quell tensions and create some goodwill between himself and former President Long who was still very bitter about his loss.
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Immediately upon entering office Eisenhower would ask Congress to join the UN to repair ties with Western Europe after President Long refused to join the organization. Initially the Socialist and Longist majority Congress opposed U.S. entry into the league. But after much arguing and eventual public backlash as Democrats and Republicans went out speaking about the Socialists and Longists refusal to join. President Eisenhower was able to get Congressional approval to apply to the UN, and after a short time of voting the United States was authorized to join the UN in February of ‘49. As it was a major player in the victory of WW2 the U.S. was allowed to become a permanent member of the UN. With its entry the strained relationship with Western Europe became better and President Eisenhwoer continued repairing relations by visiting France and the UK
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After the U.S. entry into the UN, Eisenhower would quickly make a speech now called the Eisenhower Doctrine. In his speech he specified the need to fight Communism abroad as it was the sole enemy of the state, and he pledged that all Democratic nations abroad would receive help from the United States politically, economically, and militarily. His speech set the precedent, and killed any chance of diplomatic relations between the two countries, not that there were much to begin with. His speech saw cheers from the people of Western Europe who went without direct help from the United States under President Long, it was also received well back home with the fear of Communism ever spreading in the country.
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In February of ‘49 he would go to Congress with the Europe Revitalization Bill also known as the Marshall-Willkie Plan, helped drafted up by Secretary of State Wendell Willkie and Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall. The bill proposed that the United States would grant Europe billions in economic aid to recover from WW2 and to build defenses against the Soviet Union. However, as he had expected the bill was opposed by the Socialist and Longist controlled Congress who continued to support isolationism and non-intervention even with Communist influence growing abroad. President Eisenhower did not back down though as he, the Republicans, and Democrats argued with the Socialists and Longists that the Soviet Union has to be dealt with as they’ll just attack the United States eventually as seen with their aggressive expansion and attempted spreading of influence in the Middle East. Their argument would sway some Longists and Socialists, but it wasn’t enough, a majority of Longists and Socialists still opposed it. So instead as he did with the entry into the UN Eisenhower would go to the public, and propose his bill that would supply Europe from the destruction of WW2 and fight Communism in Western Europe, and he would specifically point out that the Socialists and Longists had opposed it which saw great backlash from the public who were fearful of Communism. After the public backlash and eventual media storm, enough Longists and Socialists folded, and in March the Europe Revitalization Act was passed. Upon its implementation and over his presidency billions of dollars would be granted to many European countries, mostly Western European countries which greatly helped recover their economies and allowed them to quickly rebuild their countries from the destruction of WW2. The Eastern European under Soviet Control nations would look on in envy as they were still war torn.
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Knowing that the Marshall-Willkie Plan would put a strain on the economy, after passing the bill, Eisenhower immediately introduced one of the most ambitious infrastructure bills in the nation's history. Taking inspiration from the smaller bill President long passed, President Eisenhower proposed the Federal-Aid Highway Bill which would create the absolutely giant Interstate Highway System over a 10 year period. Unlike the Marshall-Willkie Plan, his infrastructure plan was far more easily passed in Congress as most supported further infrastructure and the Federal-Aid Highway Act was passed in April of ‘49. Upon its passing, many public works projects would be launched all over the U.S. creating the highway system. Over his term hundreds of miles worth of roads were built which did not only stimulate the economy by putting millions of people to work, but with the creation of these new roads the vehicle industry also increased heavily leading people to buy more cars and business prospered with the new roads that they could use also helping the economy over his presidency.
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However after the passing of the Marshall-Willkie Plan the Soviet Union in retaliation to the U.S. giving economic aid to Western Europe started blocking off paths to Berlin in April. The city was over a hundred miles in East Germany and had been split up between the Allies and the USSR, the need to blockade the city was to not allow western supplies to reach the city as if the west recovered better than the Soviets it would be a loss for them on the economic front. Since WW2 the Soviet Union had been slowly but steadily rebuilding Eastern Europe, even quicker than the West due to U.S. isolation after WW2, but now with U.S. money pouring in directly to the west they had to do something. In response the Western European nations and the U.S. quickly came together to make a plan, and after much deliberation they had decided on what to do. Beginning in the mid of May, what is now called the Berlin Airlift would begin, hundreds of thousands of aircraft began flying into West Berlin supplying the city with crucial supplies like food and coal. Over his presidency millions of tonnes of supplies would be given to West Berlin and after just a year the USSR stopped its blockade in humiliation. It was a great victory for the West, and it showed their tenacity, they would not allow the Soviet Union to walk all over them.
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President Eisenhower was ecstatic after the success of the airlift, and it only brought the west closer together. Back home after these quick foreign successes the public were also cheering the President, as they bested their rival and enemy the Soviet Union. Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, President Eisenhower along with the leaders of Canada and Western European leaders then began working on creating a massive western military organization to oppose the Soviet Union. And in June of 1949 the United States with reluctant Congressional support along with 11 other countries would join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO for short. As a part of the organization, they all made a pledge to come to each other's defense if any of them were attacked by a country. The United States would also quickly recognize the state of Israel after President Long ignored the creation of the new state, with its recognition its political capital increased heavily, and President Eisenhower got in the good graces of Jews in the U.S. With the creation of the treaty the Soviet Union in retaliation created their own organization under the Warsaw Pact.
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After the creation of NATO the U.S. would then begin funding other allies and many proxy wars all over the world. They started funding the French in fighting Communists in French Indochina, Malaya, and Greece. Greece would quickly be won however, as fighting between the Communists had allowed the Greeks to hold off the Communists for years and with U.S. intervention they were finally driven out, and Greece was fully with the west. Eisenhower also strengthened ties with Israel by sending them more supplies to keep them stable.
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Most of Eisenhower’s presidency thus far had been dominated by foreign policy issues but that didn’t mean he didn’t do anything domestically. By June at the same time the U.S. joined NATO, he signed the historic Executive Order 9981 which created the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services. It saw no opposition from Congress besides from southern Democrats and some Longists who opposed Civil Rights. The order mandated that the U.S. military be desegregated, and it saw cheers from African-Americans and Civil Rights leaders all over the country.
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In August President Eisenhower also had to deal with some protests that broke out in certain parts of the country due to his controversial election win. Eisenhower would continue to try and emphasize unity in many of his speeches after these protests broke out. His rhetoric did help quell some people, but some protests still continued, some even becoming quite violent which forced them to be put down. Along with the protests to his election win, crime had risen in recent years especially now with many young men who are out and working on the Interstate Highway System. Working with Longist Attorney General Robert F. Wagner, he would work with local officials to help them take on this wave of crime. However when he proposed increasing funding for local authorities, it was refused in Congress which left the local authorities to have to deal with the crime wave.
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After dealing with that, President Eisenhower introduced the Public Housing Bill. The bill would create sweeping expansion of the federal role in mortgage insurance and construction of public housing. And the Public housing Act of 1949 was fortunately passed in Congress in a show of bipartisanship in August. Some proposed to Eisenhower that he should try and raise the minimum wage and increase Social Security benefits, but he disagreed saying they were already increased under President Long and were sufficient and he preferred putting those funds into other things.
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In an interesting show of bipartisanship, President Eisenhower collaborated with freshman Senator Estes Kefauver in his crusade to take out corruption in the Senate and his own administration. The crusade against corruption busted over one hundred IRS officials and it found some corruption in the Senate with some Democrats and Longists, which brought back accusations of corruption in the Long administration but they fizzled out relatively quickly. Kefauver’s crusade also looked into the Eisenhower administration, but it fortunately found nothing in the administration which helped Eisenhower's reputation. The crusade would span over a few months into the end of the year, it also launched the young Senators career into the stratosphere, Eisenhower even saying in private talks that he wouldn’t be surprised to see the young Senator run for president.
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Eisenhower also juggled with the idea of proposing multiple bills that would moderately curb the power of unions as he also believed that their power had increased far too much and a budget plan that would take some funding from healthcare and education to put into the military, especially now with proxy wars happening all over abroad. But with Congress controlled by the Longists and Socialist he knew it would undoubtedly fail, so he decided to wait until the 1950 midterms in the hopes the Republicans would gain numbers in Congress. So for now his domestic policy was put on hold until then.
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Unrelated to Eisenhower's policy, Senator Joe McCarthy’s popularity was ever increasing with his insistent attacks on Communism and stoking the fears of the public with accusations of Communism in the government. Eisenhower has agreed with McCathy’s goals but disagreed with his methods and has continually become more and more agitated with the Senators fear stoking tactics.
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Over the next few months into 1950, President Eisenhower wouldn’t pass any new legislation besides the Celler-Kefauver Act which was a small bill that closed some loopholes in the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 with some rare willing bipartisan support. He would also maintain and oversee his current legislation, like the absolutely giant InterState Highway system that is currently being built, overseeing the desegregation of the armed forces to make sure it was completed, and continuing to supply their European allies abroad. Unfortunately by 1950 the Communists had all but taken China as even with U.S. supplies pouring in it was just too late for that, the Chinese Nationalists would flee to the small island known as Taiwan. Shortly thereafter, despite some people saying he should create newties with the new Chinese government, President Eisenhower opted to stay allied with the Chinese Nationalists in Taiwan and began to open talks with them. The war in Indochina wasn’t going very well either, even with U.S. supplies pouring in for the French, but President Eisenhower still remained optimistic.
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However, that optimism wouldn’t last long… On Sunday, June 25th 1950 South Korea would be invaded by the Communist controlled North Korea. It was a surprise invasion that caught the administration and the country off guard. Eisenhower quickly came together with his administration to come up with a plan on what to do. Do we support South Korea? Or do we let the North invade unopposed? After hours of talks, especially with Secretary of State Wendell Willkie, Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall, and Secretary of the Navy Harry S. Truman, they had decided on what they would personally do. They would defend South Korea. The UN agreed as they unanimously condemned the invasion, and after debating for two days, on June 27 they would publish Resolution 83, which recommended member states to provide supplies for South Korea. On the same day as Resolution 83 was passed President Eisenhower ordered that the U.S. airforce and U.S. navy go and help South Korea, putting a lot of trust in Secretary of Defense Marshall and Secretary of the Navy Truman.
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In August President Eisenhower and Secretary of State Willkie were able to obtain congressional approval to send 12 billion dollars in economic aid to the south. And luckily despite the U.S. not having been in direct combat since 1945, President Long had decided to maintain the strength of the U.S. navy and U.S. air force even with the struggling economy under him. There was then the decision on who should lead U.S. troops in Korea, and after speaking with his administration and despite having less than stellar opinion of him, President Eisenhower appointed Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan General Douglas MacArthur. Interestingly, despite calls from advisors and Secretary of the Navy Truman to bomb northern forces, he ordered that the U.S. 7th Fleet be put in the Taiwan Strait to protect Taiwan from China.
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U.S. troops would enter in August and as the military had been maintained throughout the Long presidency, U.S. troops fared decently against the northern force, but they were still somewhat pushed back due to the northern troops being veterans and the U.S. troops being fresh. Despite being pushed back and nearly off the peninsula at Pusan, the troops had withstood northern forces and by September UN forces were making landings in Incheon and pushing back up the peninsula from Pusan. By the end of September UN forces under MacArthur started pushing into North Korea in an astounding turn around from the start of the conflict. By October the UN forces were making leeway in the north, and on the 15th President Eisenhower met with General MacArthur. It was highly publicized as MacArthur had refused to meet with Eisenhower before, during the meeting MacArthur ensured that China would not get involved but Eisenhower was skeptical.
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But we’ll talk about that later as the 1950 midterms have arrived, and in a success for the establishment Republicans and Democrats made quite a bit of ground in Congress. Mainly being the Republicans who saw great gains under President Eisenhower, and if they can work with the Democrats they have a majority in both houses of Congress. On the other hand the Longists surprisingly struggled in the midterms with President Long out of office people turned to either the Socialists or the establishment. Speaking of the Socialist they were able to mostly retain their number in Congress and saw little change.
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1950 Midterms:
House of Representatives -
Republicans: 125 seats
Democrats: 94 seats
Socialists: 153 Seats
Longists: 63 seats
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Senate -
Republicans: 32 seats
Democrats: 17 seats
Socialists: 29 seats
Longists: 18
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Back to Eisenhower, his skepticism would prove correct, as shortly thereafter Chinese troops would enter North Korea and push back UN troops. UN troops were continually getting pushed back, but it wasn't a fight as casualties would be felt on both sides, and eventually there would be a stalemate near the 38th parallel by December. After the stalemate, the UN proposed a ceasefire, which was promptly rejected and the fighting continued and eventually UN forces were overwhelmed and pushed back further back into South Korea. The setbacks even made General MacArthur consider the use of nuclear weapons, but that was completely shutdown by President Eisenhower, and the arrival of General Ridgeway who reenergized UN troops. After the failed ceasefire, fighting would continue near the 38th parallel and then Operation Thunderbolt and Operation Killer were put into place and it carried out a full scale frontal assault with the Eighth Army and pushed northern troops past the Han River. And then launching Operation Ripper taking back Seoul from the north, and fighting would continue into March and then April without much movement, and China would lose 53,000 suits in the time period.
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Then in a controversial move, especially to the public, President Eisenhower removed General Douglass MacArthur from command. There were several reasons for the dismissal. MacArthur had crossed the 38th Parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war, leading to major allied losses. He believed that the use of nuclear weapons should be his decision, not the President's. A Congressional hearing afterwards would prove in Eisenhower's favor as they agreed MacArthur violated the president's orders. His dismissal would plunge his approval with some as MacArthur was a popular figure among U.S. citizens. MacArthur would be replaced with General Ridgeway and with the navy mounted many successful counter attacks upon his appointment. More counter attacks would continue over Eisenhower's presidency, UN forces pushing back northern forces under General Ridgeway's leadership, but little territory was exchanged overall.
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Eisenhower wouldn’t just focus on foreign policy, he would also begin work to try and finally implement more of his domestic policy. After his decision to desegregate the military in 1949, he wouldn’t just stop there, and with one of the few bills he had in mind that would pass with bipartisan support, he proposed the Civil Rights Bill of 1951(basically ‘57 Act). The bill would protect black voting rights, giving more power to the Attorney General to protect African Americans, and it would create the commission of Civil Rights. The proposed bill was a shock to the nation, as the conflicts overseas had dominated political talks and Civil Rights had been somewhat thrown into the background. But with the proposed bill it was back into the forefront. It was obviously opposed by the Southern Democrats and the occasional Longist, but saw support from Republicans, Socialists, most Longists, and Northern Democrats. And in September of 1951, the Civil Rights Act of 1951 was passed in Congress and it saw cheers from African Americans all around the country as they cheered President Eisenhower, while southerners were obviously furious with Eisenhower. However, over the remainder of his presidency, there were loopholes in the act that were exploited by the south, and a filibuster by Senator Strom Thurmond would only embolden southerners destined for Civil Rights. But the bill did create the United States Commission on Civil Rights and the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division.
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Next Eisenhower would attempt to pass the Labor Management Relations Bill, otherwise known as the Taft bill which would moderately curb the powers of unions after they were increased under President Long. His reasoning is on the basis of certain documented cases of corruption and some cas of unions protecting bad workers and hurting businesses which hurts the economy. However, despite getting support from Republicans in Congress and Conservative Democrats, it was not able to pass due to the Socialists, Longists, and Non-Conservative Democrats in Congress. It was a big disappointment for the Republicans, especially the Conservatives who only became emboldened by its objection.
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Initially President Eisenhower had said he’d be willing to pull some funding from the single payer healthcare system and education to fund the military and reduce taxes, but with the booming economy he decided against it. This decision did see anger from the Conservatives, but saw praise from the Longists and Socialists for not pulling funding. For the rest of his presidency, President Eisenhower would maintain and oversee the situation in Korea and oversee his Interstate Highway System. He would also appoint two moderate Republican Justices to the Supreme Court during his presidency.
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